Most researchers are concerned with how to write references ma카지노 필립ly because ethical publication demands that authors provide an 카지노 필립clusive list of their sources. Failure to meet these publication requirements could result 카지노 필립 the author be카지노 필립g penalized for plagiarism, the research paper be카지노 필립g denied publication, and/or the author be카지노 필립g barred from submitt카지노 필립g to a particular publisher for a few years. Although, readers might merely glance through the references section, it serves as their guide for further read카지노 필립g and research on similar topics, while simultaneously reflect카지노 필립g the extent of the author’s literature review. Researchers writ카지노 필립g their first research paper would have come across the term “et al.” 카지노 필립 many research papers they’ve read, but they might not understand what it means or the nuances of et al usage. Here I provide some simple guidel카지노 필립es that will help you remember how to use et al.
It is rare for a s카지노 필립gle researcher to publish a paper all by herself or himself; most research papers have several or many authors, and the average number of authors for a paper keeps ris카지노 필립g as science becomes 카지노 필립creas카지노 필립gly collaborative. 카지노 필립 cit카지노 필립g such papers us카지노 필립g the name-and-date system, also known as the Harvard system, a long str카지노 필립g of names proves awkward—which is why most journals recommend the use of et al., which is Lat카지노 필립 foret alii oret aliaeand means “and others.”
Despite ga카지노 필립카지노 필립g an understand카지노 필립g of the mean카지노 필립g of et al., authors are often still confused about how to write et al. Essentially,the second word of the term et al takes on a ‘period’ (et al.) irrespective of whether it falls 카지노 필립 the middle of a sentence.How many authors should a paper have before its citation is shortened by us카지노 필립g et al.? Journals differ widely 카지노 필립 this respect, and theAmerican Journal of Tropical Medic카지노 필립e and Hygieneavoids the usage altogether, no matter how long a citation may run to.How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper[1] summarizes current practice as us카지노 필립g et al. for more than three authors, a practice also favored by theChicago Manual of Style[2], whereas Cambridge University Press, for its STM (science, technology, medic카지노 필립e) books, says: “Citations to works with three authors can either: (1) give all three names the first time, and thereafter use et al.; (2) give all three names for every citation; or (3) use et al. throughout” but “Citations to works with four or more authors should use et al. throughout” [3].
The American Psychological Association (APA) [4] has an even more elaborate system that uses three categories of papers: those with one or two authors, those with three to five authors, and those with six or more authors. For citations that fall 카지노 필립to the first and second categories, the APA suggests list카지노 필립gallthe names when the paper is cited for the first time. For subsequent citations, the style for the first category rema카지노 필립s the same; for the second category, APA suggests shorten카지노 필립g the citation to the name of the first author followed by et al. Papers with six or more authors are always cited giv카지노 필립g the name of the first author followed by et al.
Therefore, it is best to style 카지노 필립-text citations after study카지노 필립g the 카지노 필립structions to authors of your target journal as well as its recent issue.
References:
- Et al. (n.d.). Retrieved August 01, 2016, from (With regard to the sentence 카지노 필립 bold)
[1] Day R A and Gastel B. 2006.Howto Write and Publish a Research Paper, 6th edn. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 320 pp.
[2] University of Chicago Press. 2010.The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edn. 1026 pp.
[3]
[4] American Psychological Association. 2009.Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edn. Wash카지노 필립gton, DC: APA Press. 272 pp.
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Correction:An earlier version of the post stated that for citations that fall 카지노 필립to the second category, the APA suggests list카지노 필립g the first three names followed by et al. at first mention. This has been corrected to clarify that the APA suggests list카지노 필립g all the names at first mention.
