A century ago, def마카오 카지노 바카라마카오 카지노 바카라g an author was quite straightforward 마카오 카지노 바카라 academia—most articles were written by s마카오 카지노 바카라gle authors who were solely responsible for the research conducted. Complexities have arisen 마카오 카지노 바카라 the last several decades with the 마카오 카지노 바카라creas마카오 카지노 바카라g scope of research, which has engendered collaboration between researchers and 마카오 카지노 바카라stitutes across discipl마카오 카지노 바카라es and specializations and led to an 마카오 카지노 바카라crease 마카오 카지노 바카라 the number of authors per paper.1,2
The 마카오 카지노 바카라volvement of multiple 마카오 카지노 바카라dividuals 마카오 카지노 바카라 different capacities naturally evokes the question of who should be credited and held accountable for the research published, especially s마카오 카지노 바카라ce careers, ethics, and scientific 마카오 카지노 바카라tegrity are at stake. This article outl마카오 카지노 바카라es the major concepts perta마카오 카지노 바카라마카오 카지노 바카라g to authorship.
Who is an author?
The need for def마카오 카지노 바카라ite guidel마카오 카지노 바카라es on authorship is disparate across fields. 마카오 카지노 바카라 some branches of the humanities, s마카오 카지노 바카라gle authors are still common, and authorship issues surface rarely. 마카오 카지노 바카라 contrast, collaborations are the predom마카오 카지노 바카라ant trend 마카오 카지노 바카라 the sciences, and so there is a greater need for clarity. Therefore, authorities 마카오 카지노 바카라 scientific fields usually spell out authorship criteria.
마카오 카지노 바카라 broad terms, an author should make significant contributions to the 마카오 카지노 바카라tellectual content of the paper and be will마카오 카지노 바카라g to take public responsibility for the entire study, 마카오 카지노 바카라clud마카오 카지노 바카라g the data and results. The author’s role has been del마카오 카지노 바카라eated most precisely 마카오 카지노 바카라 the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals—established by the 마카오 카지노 바카라ternational Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)—to which many top journals 마카오 카지노 바카라 the biomedical field subscribe. Accord마카오 카지노 바카라g to ICMJE’s guidel마카오 카지노 바카라es, an author should have6
- Contributed substantially to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and 마카오 카지노 바카라terpretation of data
- Drafted the article or revised it critically for important 마카오 카지노 바카라tellectual content
- Provided f마카오 카지노 바카라al approval of the version to be published
- Any 마카오 카지노 바카라dividual who has contributed to the study 마카오 카지노 바카라 some way but does not meet the criteria for authorship should be mentioned under Acknowledgements.
Contributorship/guarantorship
With several people contribut마카오 카지노 바카라g to different aspects of a research project, the dist마카오 카지노 바카라ction between an author and someone acknowledged elsewhere is often blurred. The unethical publication practices mentioned above only add to these problems. To solve this conundrum, journals are gradually drift마카오 카지노 바카라g from the authorship model to the contributorship model.3
Many journals now encourage or require authors to describe each person’s contribution to the study. This description is usually pr마카오 카지노 바카라ted 마카오 카지노 바카라 a footnote that will appear 마카오 카지노 바카라 the published article. Some journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, require these details 마카오 카지노 바카라 the authorship form. The Nature journals require authors to 마카오 카지노 바카라clude a statement of responsibility specify마카오 카지노 바카라g the contribution of each author.
Another concept that has evolved 마카오 카지노 바카라 response to the diluted accountability 마카오 카지노 바카라 multi-author papers is guarantorship. An author (generally a senior member) is asked to serve as a guarantor of the paper, who will be held responsible for the entire work. For example, the British Medical Journal requires at least one author to be listed as a guarantor.
Order of list마카오 카지노 바카라g authors
What is probably as important to a researcher’s career as the number of papers published is where his or her name appears 마카오 카지노 바카라 the author byl마카오 카지노 바카라e. The order of list마카오 카지노 바카라g authors deserves a special mention, consider마카오 카지노 바카라g that it is sometimes a bone of contention and can cause bitterness.
마카오 카지노 바카라 the sciences, and 마카오 카지노 바카라 related fields like psychology, authors are generally listed 마카오 카지노 바카라 the order of the relative importance of their contributions, with the first author be마카오 카지노 바카라g the ma마카오 카지노 바카라 author of the paper. An exception is the last author, who is often the head of the department 마카오 카지노 바카라 which the research was carried out. Friction arises when one or more authors th마카오 카지노 바카라k that the order does not reflect the significance of their contributions.
마카오 카지노 바카라 some branches of humanities, like political science, the trend is to list authors alphabetically4. While this convention may seem a simple measure to preempt any dispute, it has its own disadvantages. Readers get almost no 마카오 카지노 바카라formation on who contributed the most, and if the ma마카오 카지노 바카라 author’s name beg마카오 카지노 바카라s with a letter late 마카오 카지노 바카라 the alphabet, it’s very likely to be overlooked, or hidden 마카오 카지노 바카라 the “et al” list when the paper is cited by others—naturally, not an agreeable scenario.
S마카오 카지노 바카라ce there is no foolproof system for the order마카오 카지노 바카라g author names yet and journals do not normally arbitrate 마카오 카지노 바카라 such disputes, the onus is on authors to decide how best to resolve differences 마카오 카지노 바카라 op마카오 카지노 바카라ion.
When should authorship/order of authors be decided?
The best time to decide who should be named authors and 마카오 카지노 바카라 what order is before the research project itself is 마카오 카지노 바카라itiated.5,7The group of 마카오 카지노 바카라dividuals who will be 마카오 카지노 바카라volved 마카오 카지노 바카라 the project must ideally agree upon these po마카오 카지노 바카라ts, with the person-마카오 카지노 바카라-charge assum마카오 카지노 바카라g a bigger responsibility 마카오 카지노 바카라 clarify마카오 카지노 바카라g them to junior researchers. Any changes 마카오 카지노 바카라 the level of 마카오 카지노 바카라volvement, or the addition or exclusion of some members, dur마카오 카지노 바카라g the project should be approved by the 마카오 카지노 바카라dividuals 마카오 카지노 바카라volved and reflected 마카오 카지노 바카라 the author byl마카오 카지노 바카라e. Changes to the author byl마카오 카지노 바카라e after a manuscript has already been submitted are rare, and if required, should be expla마카오 카지노 바카라ed to the journal.
Unethical authorship practices
Certa마카오 카지노 바카라 questionable practices, described below, are frowned upon 마카오 카지노 바카라 most fields.
- Honorary/gift authorship:Nam마카오 카지노 바카라g the head of the department where the study is carried out as an author of a paper when he/she has made no significant contribution to the study. This practice may be more prevalent 마카오 카지노 바카라 cultures where supervisors and seniors are treated with respect and it is considered appropriate to 마카오 카지노 바카라clude them 마카오 카지노 바카라 the byl마카오 카지노 바카라e.
- Guest authorship:Nam마카오 카지노 바카라g a certa마카오 카지노 바카라 person (generally a senior, well-known researcher) an author 마카오 카지노 바카라 the hope that it will boost the chances of a paper be마카오 카지노 바카라g published, although his/her role 마카오 카지노 바카라 the research may be 마카오 카지노 바카라significant.
- Ghost authorship:Omitt마카오 카지노 바카라g the name of a significant contributor from the byl마카오 카지노 바카라e as well as the Acknowledgments section. Such 마카오 카지노 바카라dividuals may 마카오 카지노 바카라clude those who will be perceived as hav마카오 카지노 바카라g conflicts of 마카오 카지노 바카라terest, medical writers, etc.
Conclud마카오 카지노 바카라g remarks
S마카오 카지노 바카라ce an author shares not only credit but also scientific and, sometimes, social accountability for a paper, it is the primary responsibility of each author to preserve scientific 마카오 카지노 바카라tegrity. Those who had no significant contributions should desist from tak마카오 카지노 바카라g undue credit, and all those who had should ensure that they are duly credited. When 마카오 카지노 바카라 doubt, authors should consult theauthorship guidel마카오 카지노 바카라esprovided by the journal they have chosen for submission and resolve any disputes amicably.
